Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Ncleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maring, Paran, Brazil.

This study aims to provide an annotated list of the type-material housed in the fish collection of the Ncleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maring, Paran, Brazil. NUPs fish type collection hosts type-material of 157 species, distributed in 503 lots (11 holotypes and 492 lots of paratypes) totalling 2,915 specimens. For each species, catalog numbers of all available lots are provided, and for each lot, total number of specimens, range of variation of standard length, number of cleared and stained specimens (when any), locality data, collectors, and date of collection, are provided.

Phylogenetic relationships and description of two new species of Diapoma (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the La Plata River basin

Herein we describe two new species of Diapoma, one from the Negro River, a tributary of the Uruguay River in Brazil and Uruguay, and one from the Iguaçu River, in Brazil and Argentina. The new species from the Negro River basin is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: a black narrow and conspicuous line restricted to the body horizontal septum, incomplete lateral line, tricuspid teeth in the inner series of the premaxilla, and a lower body depth at vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (29.3-32.8% SL in males and 27.7-33.3% SL in females). The new species from the Iguaçu River basin is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: a discontinuous lateral line, adipose fin hyaline, longer anal-fin base (26.5-32.4% SL), and a longitudinal black stripe along the median region of caudal-fin rays. Additionally, we updated the molecular phylogeny of the genus, including new sequences from these two new species and Diapoma thauma. An identification key for species of Diapoma is presented, modified from previous study.(AU)

Neste trabalho descrevemos duas espécies novas de Diapoma, uma do rio Negro, afluente do rio Uruguai, Brasil e Uruguai, e a segunda do rio Iguaçu, Brasil e Argentina. A espécie nova do rio Negro é diagnosticada de suas congêneres pela combinação das seguintes características: uma linha preta, estreita e conspícua restrita ao septo horizontal do corpo, linha lateral incompleta, dentes da série interna da pré-maxila tricuspidados, e baixa altura do corpo na vertical que passa pela origem da nadadeira dorsal (29,3-32,8% SL em machos e 27,7-33,3% SL em fêmeas). A espécie nova do rio Iguaçu é diagnosticada de suas congêneres pela combinação das seguintes características: linha lateral descontínua, nadadeira adiposa não pigmentada de preto, base da nadadeira anal longa (26,5-32,4% SL) e raios médios da nadadeira caudal com uma linha preta longitudinal. Adicionalmente, atualizamos a filogenia molecular do gênero, incluindo novas sequências destas duas espécies novas e de Diapoma thauma. Uma chave de identificação para as espécies de Diapoma é apresentada, modificada de estudo anterior.(AU)

Human impacts and the loss of Neotropical freshwater fish diversity

Neotropical Ichthyology promotes the Special Issue (SI) "Human impacts and the loss of Neotropical freshwater fish diversity" with the purpose of publishing relevant scientific articles on the current biodiversity crisis and the loss of Neotropical freshwater fishes in the Anthropocene. The SI is composed of 22 publications, being two review articles and 20 original articles. A total of 107 researchers contributed to these papers, involving 44 institutions based in Brazil and six other countries. Published articles investigated main anthropic activities and their impacts on fish diversity, with special focus on river regulation, mining, land use changes, aquaculture, and fisheries. Studies provided evidence about the loss of fish diversity in the Neotropics, including fish kill events, demographic changes, contamination, changes in assemblage structure, loss of taxonomic and functional diversity, besides the degradation of ecosystem functions and services, and the lack of effective protection and conservation. Studies were conducted in rivers, streams, lakes, and reservoirs from different Neotropical systems. The studies published in this SI represent a relevant sample of the current worrisome situation of freshwater fishes in the Neotropical region and call for urgent revision in environmental policies, management and conservation initiatives, and socioeconomic priorities.(AU)

A revista Neotropical Ichthyology lança o Volume Especial (SI) "Human impacts and the loss of Neotropical freshwater fish diversity" com o objetivo de publicar artigos científicos relevantes sobre a atual crise da biodiversidade e a perda de diversidade de peixes de água doce Neotropicais no Antropoceno. O SI é composto por 22 publicações, sendo dois artigos de revisão e 20 artigos originais. Um total de 107 pesquisadores contribuíram com esses artigos, envolvendo 44 instituições sediadas no Brasil e em seis outros países. Os artigos publicados investigaram as principais atividades antrópicas e seus impactos sobre a diversidade de peixes, com foco especial na regulação dos rios, mineração, mudanças no uso do solo, aquicultura e pesca. Os estudos forneceram evidências sobre a perda de diversidade de peixes na região Neotropical, incluindo eventos de mortandade, alterações demográficas, contaminação, mudanças na estrutura das assembleias, perda de diversidade taxonômica e funcional, além da degradação de funções e serviços ecossistêmicos, e falta de ações efetivas de proteção e conservação. Os estudos foram conduzidos em rios, riachos, lagos e reservatórios de diferentes sistemas Neotropicais. Os estudos publicados neste SI representam uma amostra relevante da atual situação dos peixes de água doce na região Neotropical, reforçando a necessidade de revisão das políticas ambientais, ações de manejo e conservação, e prioridades socioeconômicas.(AU)

Taxonomic review of the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group (Characiformes: Characidae).

A taxonomic review of the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group is presented, with recognition of six valid species. In Central America, H. panamensis was restricted to the drainages of both Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Panama; H. savagei was recorded at the río Pírris and río Térraba, Pacific coast of Costa Rica, and Hyphessobrycon bussingi, new species, described from the río Sixaola basin, Atlantic coast of Costa Rica, and from the río Changuinola, río Guarumo and río San San, Atlantic coast of Panama. At trans-andean South America, H. columbianus was recorded at the río Acandí, Colombia, and its geographical distribution was extended into the coastal drainages in San Blas province, Panama; H. condotensis was recorded at the río Atrato, río Baudó, lower río Magdalena and río San Juan basins, Colombia, while H. sebastiani was considered as its junior synonym. Hyphessobrycon daguae was revalidated, erected to the specific level, considered as senior synonym of H. chocoensis, and recorded from the río Dagua, río Patía and río Telembí basins, in Colombia, the río Mira, at the border between Colombia and Ecuador, and the río Cayapas, río Mataje, and río Santiago, in Ecuador. Color pattern and secondary sexual characters (e.g. number, arrangement and shape of hooks in mature males) suggest that the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group is a putatively monophyletic lineage.

Poor taxonomic sampling undermines nomenclatural stability: A reply to Roxo et al. (2019).

A recent study based on genomic data by Roxo et al. (2019) provided a phylogeny of the Loricariidae, the largest catfish family and second largest Neotropical fish family with approximately 1,000 species. The study represents a valuable and innovative contribution for understanding higher-level relationships within the family. The phylogenetic tree inferred by Roxo et al. (2019) thoroughly corroborates the monophyly and relationships of most currently accepted subfamilies of Loricariidae, based on a fair taxon sampling (nearly 14% of the species in the family) representing most genera of each but one of the subfamilies, the Lithogeninae, the sister-group of the remaining members of the family (Pereira & Reis, 2017; Reis et al., 2017). In addition to a hypothesis of relationships, Roxo et al. (2019) also proposed a series of lower-level taxonomic changes, which are deemed premature considering that the taxonomic sampling of the study targeted higher-level clades, and go against one of the pillars of biological classification: nomenclatural stability (e.g., Heterick & Majer, 2018; Beninger & Backeljau, 2019). Here we (1) discuss implications of inadequate taxonomic sampling as a basis for changes in classification of species; (2) explain why the taxonomic sampling design of Roxo et al. (2019) is inadequate for the proposed nomenclatural changes; and (3) advocate that changes to classifications must be grounded on phylogenies with dense sampling of taxa at the relevant level.

Molecular characterization of Moenkhausia (Pisces: Characiformes) populations with different lateral line developmental levels.

The genera Hemigrammus and Moenkhausia have been traditionally diagnosed mainly by the former having lateral line completely pored whereas the latter having a lateral line with a few pored scales. Those features have been used to diagnose species of both genera in the upper Paraná River floodplain. Specimens with the diagnostic features of Moenkhausia bonita, collected in the upper Paraná River floodplain, exhibited different developmental levels of the lateral line, making it difficult to distinguish them from specimens of Hemigrammus sp. We analyzed the gene encoding cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) and intron 1 of the nuclear gene S7 to investigate the genetic similarities between the called Hemigrammus marginatus and M. bonita and to confirm their identities. Molecular sequences of other Moenkhausia species were analyzed for genus delimitation tests. The results reveal genetic similarities of M. bonita specimens with different developmental levels of the lateral line, and also distinguish between M. bonita and Hemigrammus sp. Species delimitation tests revealed that specimens from the upper Paraná River floodplain were M. bonita and were distinct from other Moenkhausia species. The developmental level of the lateral line is not a consistent characteristic that distinguishes between Moenkhausia and Hemigrammus species.

Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae).

A revision of the cis-Andean species of Mylossoma is presented. Four species were recognized: M. albiscopum and M. aureum from the rio Amazonas and rio Orinoco basins; M. duriventre, from the rio Paraguai, lower rio Paraná and rio Uruguai basins; and M. unimaculatum, an endemic species from the Tocantins-Araguaia system. Both Mylossoma albiscopum and M. unimaculatum were removed from the synonymy of Mylossoma duriventre, which had its occurrence range restricted to the La Plata basin. The recognition of these four valid species corroborates the results of a previous DNA barcode study. Redescriptions of each species, and an identification key for the genus are provided.

Satanoperca curupira, a new cichlid species from the rio Madeira basin in Brazil (Teleostei: Cichlidae).

Satanoperca curupira, new species, is described from the rio Madeira basin in the State of Rondônia, Brazil. It is distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters: 3-7 dark-brown oblique stripes on the lachrymal (vs. 2 well-defined dark-brown stripes, or dark-brown stripes absent) and an irregular pattern of dark-brown stripes on cheek and opercular series (vs. cheek without dark-brown markings or with light-beige rounded spots). According to meristic and color pattern characters, the new species is considered a member of the S. jurupari species group, and is syntopic with S. jurupari, which is widespread in the Amazon basin. The restricted geographical range of the new species is congruent to that observed for some other Satanoperca species.

Morphologically Cryptic Species of the Astyanax bimaculatus "Caudal Peduncle Spot" Subgroup Diagnosed Through Cytogenetic Characters.

Astyanax is a species-rich polyphyletic genus distributed between the southern United States and central Argentina. The genus contains groups of cryptic species, which are difficult to distinguish, and are sometimes identified wrongly. Basic and molecular cytogenetic analyses were run on Astyanax abramis and three junior synonyms of Astyanax lacustris: Astyanax altiparanae, from the upper Paraná River basin, Astyanax asuncionensis, from the lower Paraná basin, and Astyanax jacuhiensis, from the upper Uruguay River. These species all belong to the Astyanax bimaculatus group. All species presented 2n = 50 chromosomes and single nucleolar organizing regions (NORs). In A. altiparanae, the karyotype was 6m + 28sm+4st+12a and the NORs were present in pair 20, while A. jacuhiensis was 8m + 28sm+6st+8a, with NORs in pair 22, and A. asuncionensis was 8m + 24sm+6st+12a, with NORs in pair 20. A. abramis was 4m + 30sm+8st+8a with NORs in pair 22. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed single 5S rDNA cistrons in A. altiparanae and A. asuncionensis, and multiple (4) cistrons in A. abramis and A. jacuhiensis. Heterochromatin had a distinct distribution in each species, but was predominantly centromeric and interstitial proximal. In A. abramis and A. asuncionensis, the first acrocentric chromosome pair presented centromeric, telomeric, and interstitial-proximal heterochromatin in the long arm, which may represent the presence of homologous chromosomes in these species. While there are some cytogenetic similarities, differences in the location of 5S rDNA, distribution of heterochromatin, and karyotype formulae contribute to the differentiation of the study species, and support the identification of phylogenetically proximate groups in the "Astyanax clade."

Contributions to the systematic of Pimelodidae (Osteichthyes, Siluriformes): basic and molecular cytogenetics on seven species of Pimelodus from three Brazilian hydrographic systems

Pimelodidae harbors several species and is widely distributed throughout the Neotropical region. Pimelodus is the genus with the largest number of species, however it is a polyphyletic group. Cytogenetic analyzes of the valid species still covers less than half of them. Herein, seven Pimelodus species from three Brazilian hydrographic systems were analyzed through basic (Giemsa, AgNORs and C banding) and molecular (5S and 18S rDNA-FISH) cytogenetic methods. All species had 2n=56 chromosomes with different karyotype formulas observed among the species. AgNORs were corresponding to 18S rDNA and localized on long arm of one chromosome pair in all species. Heterochromatin distribution follows the pattern commonly verified in the family and allows to identify each one of the studied species. 5S rDNA marker was interspecifically variable in number and position of cistrons. Pimelodus ortmanni had B chromosomes varying intra and inter-individually. We performed a discussion on our own and available cytogenetic data for Pimelodidae, and the associating of them with available phylogeny enable us identifying features that distinguish subgroups within Pimelodidae, such as NORs location (terminal/long arm for species belonging to "Iheringichthys-Parapimelodus" and "Pimelodus maculatus" subclades) and location of 5S rDNA sites (pericentromeric/interstitial/ long arm for species belonging to Pimelodus group).(AU)

Pimelodidae abriga várias espécies e é amplamente distribuída ao longo da região Neotropical. Pimelodus é o gênero com o maior número de espécies, porém é um grupo polifilético. Análises citogenéticas foram realizadas em menos da metade das espécies válidas. Aqui, sete espécies de Pimelodus de três sistemas hidrográficos brasileiros foram estudadas através das técnicas citogenéticas básicas (Giemsa, AgRONs e banda C) e moleculares (FISH-DNAr 5S e 18S). Todas as espécies apresentaram 2n=56 cromossomos, sendo observadas variações na fórmula cariotípica entre algumas espécies. As AgRONs correspondentes ao DNAr 18S foram localizadas no braço longo de um par de cromossomos em todas as espécies. A heterocromatina segue o padrão comumente observado na família e permite identificar cada uma das espécies estudadas. O DNAr 5S apresentou variação interespecífica em número e na posição dos cístrons. Cromossomos B foram evidenciados em P. ortmanni com variação intra e interindividual. Nós discutimos os nossos resultados com os dados citogenéticos válidos para Pimelodidae, e a associação desses dados com a filogenia válida nos permitiu identificar características que distinguem subgrupos dentro de Pimelodidae, tais como a localização das RONs (terminal/braço longo para espécies pertencentes aos subclados "Iheringichthys-Parapimelodus" e "Pimelodus maculatus") e localização dos sítios de DNAr 5S (pericentromérico/intersticial no braço longo para espécies pertencentes ao grupo Pimelodus).(AU)

Cytogenetics of Gymnogeophagus setequedas (Cichlidae: Geophaginae), with comments on its geographical distribution

We provide cytogenetic data for the threatened species Gymnogeophagus setequedas, and the first record of that species collected in the Iguaçu River, within the Iguaçu National Park's area of environmental preservation, which is an unexpected occurrence for that species. We verified a diploid number of 2n = 48 chromosomes (4sm + 24st + 20a) and the presence of heterochromatin in centromeric and pericentromeric regions, which are conserved characters in the Geophagini. The multiple nucleolar organizer regions observed in G. setequedas are considered to be apomorphic characters in the Geophagini, whereas the simple 5S rDNA cistrons located interstitially on the long arm of subtelocentric chromosomes represent a plesiomorphic character. Because G. setequedas is a threatened species that occurs in lotic waters, we recommend the maintenance of undammed environments within its known area of distribution.(AU)

Fornecemos dados citogenéticos para a espécie ameaçada Gymnogeophagus setequedas, e o primeiro registro da espécie coletado no rio Iguaçu, na área de preservação ambiental do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, a qual é uma área de ocorrência inesperada para esta espécie. Verificamos em G. setequedas 2n = 48 cromossomos (4sm + 24st + 20a) e heterocromatina presente nas regiões centroméricas e pericentroméricas, as quais indicam caracteres conservados em Geophagini. Múltiplas regiões organizadoras de nucléolos foram observadas em G. setequedas e são consideradas características apomórficas em Geophagini, enquanto cístrons de DNAr 5S simples e localizados intersticialmente no braço longo de cromossomos subtelocêntricos representam uma característica plesiomórfica. Visto que G. setequedas é uma espécie ameaçada de extinção que ocorre em águas lóticas, recomendamos a manutenção de ambientes livre de barragens em sua área de distribuição.(AU)

A new species of Hemigrammus Gill, 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the central and western Amazon and rio Paraná-Paraguai basins.

A new species of Hemigrammus is described from the middle rio Solimões/Amazonas and tributaries, upper and middle rio Madeira, and rio Paraná-Paraguai basins in Brazil and Paraguay. The new species is most similar among congeners with Hemigrammus marginatus, with which it shares similar caudal-fin pigmentation pattern. The new species can be distinguished from Hemigrammus marginatus by possessing two conspicuous dark patches of pigmentation on caudal fin, occupying most of caudal-fin lobes, except the tips, by having two dark narrow stripes along anal-fin base, and by possessing 5-8 pored lateral line scales. The new species differs from Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, which is similar in color pattern and general body shape, by the presence of small scales on caudal-fin lobes, occupying approximately its basal third, by the presence of two narrow stripes along anal fin base, and by the absence of bony hooks on analfin in mature males. The occurrence of the new species in both Amazon and rio Paraná-Paraguai basins is discussed in order to clarify and expand recent discussions on the biogeographical relationships between both river systems.

A new colorful species of Geophagus (Teleostei: Cichlidae), endemic to the rio Aripuanã in the Amazon basin of Brazil

Geophagus mirabilis, new species, is endemic to the rio Aripuanã drainage upstream from Dardanelos/Andorinhas falls. The new species is distinguished from all other species of the genus by the presence of one to five large black spots arranged longitudinally along the middle of the flank, in addition to the black midlateral spot that is characteristic of species in the genus and by a pattern of iridescent spots and lines on the head in living specimens. It is further distinguished from all congeneric species, except G. camopiensis and G. crocatus, by the presence of seven (vs. eight or more) scale rows in the circumpeduncular series below the lateral line (7 in G. crocatus; 7-9 in G. camopiensis). Including the new species, five cichlids and 11 fish species in total are known only from the upper rio Aripuanã, and 15 fish species in total are known only from the rio Aripuanã drainage.

Geophagus mirabilis, espécie nova, é endêmica da drenagem do rio Aripuanã, a montante das quedas de Dardanelos/Andorinhas. A espécie nova se distingue de todas as outras espécies do gênero pela presença de uma a cinco manchas pretas grandes distribuídas longitudinalmente ao longo do meio do flanco, em adição à mancha preta no meio do flanco característica das espécies do gênero, e por um padrão de pontos e linhas iridescentes sobre a cabeça em espécimes vivos. Além disso, se distingue de todas as espécies congêneres, exceto G. camopiensis e G. crocatus, pela presença de sete (vs. oito ou mais) séries de escamas na série circumpeduncular abaixo da linha lateral (7 em G. crocatus; 7-9 em G. camopiensis). Com a espécie nova existem cinco ciclídeos, e ao todo 11 espécies de peixe conhecidas somente do alto rio Aripuanã, e ao todo 15 espécies de peixe conhecidas apenas da bacia do rio Aripuanã.

A new species of hemigrammus gill, 1858 (characiformes: characidae) from the rio Madeira and rio Paraguai basins, with a redescription of H. lunatus

A new Hemigrammus is described from the rio Paraguai and rio Madeira basins, Mato Grosso and Rondônia States, Brazil. The new species is characterized by possessing a wide dark horizontal stripe across the eye, a vertically elongated humeral blotch, and 4-5 gill-rakers on upper branch and 9-10 on lower. The new species can be easily diagnosed from H. lunatus, the sympatric and morphologically most similar congener, by the shape of humeral blotch and the number of gill rakers. Data of the type material of both Hemigrammus lunatus and H. maxillaris, as well as extensive examination of specimens, allowed us to conclude that H. maxillaris is a junior subjective synonym of H. lunatus. A redescription of H. lunatus, as well as a formal restriction of its type locality, is provided. A putative monophyletic group within Hemigrammus, composed by H. barrigonae, Hemigrammus lunatus, H. machadoi new species, and H. ulreyi, named Hemigrammus lunatus group, is proposed based on overall body morphology and color pattern. Additionally, a discussion on the biogeographical relationships between the rio Paraguai and rio Guaporé basins is provided.

Um Hemigrammus novo é descrito das bacias dos rios Paraguai e Madeira, estados de Mato Grosso e Rondônia, Brasil. A espécie nova é caracterizada por possuir uma ampla faixa escura horizontal atravessando o olho, mancha umeral verticalmente alongada, 4-5 rastros branquiais no ramo superior e 9-10 no inferior. A espécie nova pode ser facilmente diferenciada de H. lunatus, a congênere simpátrica e mais semelhante morfologicamente, pela forma da mancha umeral, e pelo número de rastros branquiais. Dados do material-tipo de Hemigrammus lunatus e H. maxillaris, bem como o exame de extenso material, levou à conclusão de que H. maxillaris é um sinônimo júnior de H. lunatus. É apresentada a redescrição de H. lunatus com a restrição formal de sua localidade-tipo. Um presumível grupo monofilético dentro de Hemigrammus, composto por H. barrigonae, H. machadoi espécie nova, Hemigrammus lunatus, and H. ulreyi, chamado grupo Hemigrammus lunatus, é proposto baseado na morfologia geral do corpo e padrão de colorido. Adicionalmente, uma discussão das relações biogeográficas entre as bacias dos rios Paraguai e Guaporé é apresentada.

A new species of Corydoras Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the upper rio Paraná basin, Brazil

A new species of Corydoras is described from three tributaries of the rio Ivaí drainage, upper rio Paraná basin, Paraná State, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from most of its congeners by the presence of three nasal pores. Other diagnostic features are the lower number of serrations in posterior margin of pectoral and dorsal spines and presence of four to six small black blotches along the midline of the flank. The possible mimetic relationship between the new species and Characidium heirmostigmata is discussed. Uma espécie nova de Corydoras é descrita de três tributários da drenagem do rio Ivaí, bacia do alto rio Paraná, estado do Paraná, Brasil. A espécie nova se diferencia da maioria de suas congêneres por apresentar três poros nasais. Outras características diagnósticas são o menor número de serrilhas na margem posterior dos espinhos peitoral e dorsal e presença de quatro a seis manchas pretas pequenas ao longo da linha mediana do flanco. A possível relação mimética entre a espécie nova e Characidium heirmostigmata é discutida.

A new long-finned Corydoras Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the lower rio Paraná basin, Brazil

A new species of Corydoras is described from the lower rio Paraná basin, just downstream from Itaipu Dam, Brazil, close to Paraguay boundary. The new species can be distinguished from most of its congeners by the infraorbital 2 with a posterior laminar expansion conspicuously reduced, first and second dorsal-fin branched rays conspicuously elongated in males, mesethmoid entirely covered by skin, and by the presence of four to six irregular black or brownish blotches on the midline of the flank. The probable occurrence of the new species in the floodplain of the upper portion of the rio Paraná drainage is discussed. Uma espécie nova de Corydoras é descrita da bacia do baixo rio Paraná, logo a jusante da barragem de Itaipu, Brasil, próximo a fronteira com o Paraguai. A espécie nova pode ser distinguida da maioria de suas congêneres pelo infraorbital 2 com uma expansão laminar posterior conspicuamente reduzida, primeiro e segundo raios ramificados da nadadeira dorsal conspicuamente alongados nos machos, mesetmoide totalmente coberto por pele e presença de quatro a seis manchas pretas ou amarronzadas irregulares na linha mediana do flanco. Discute-se a provável ocorrência da espécie nova na planície de inundação da bacia da porção superior do rio Paraná.

A new Corydoras Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil

A new species of Corydoras is described from the rio São Francisco basin in northeastern Brazil, Minas Gerais and Bahia States. The new species is distinguished from most of its congeners by the anterior portion of the infraorbital 1 very large, conspicuously expanded towards the anteroventral margin of the snout and almost entirely covering its lateral margin. Other characters that distinguish the new species are the infraorbital 2 slender on its dorsal tip, contacting only sphenotic and not compound pterotic; and the presence of two laterosensory canals on trunk. A phylogenetic analysis including the new species found it sister-group of C. flaveolus, and both species sister-group of C. paleatus. An identification key to the species of the rio São Francisco basin is also provided.

Uma espécie nova de Corydoras é descrita da bacia do rio São Francisco no nordeste do Brasil, estados de Minas Gerais e Bahia. A espécie nova se distingue da maioria de suas congêneres por apresentar a porção anterior do infraorbital 1 muito desenvolvida, expandindo-se conspicuamente em direção à margem anteroventral do focinho, quase cobrindo completamente sua margem lateral. Outros caracteres que distinguem a espécie nova são o infraorbital 2 estreito em sua extremidade dorsal, em contato apenas com o esfenótico e não com o pterótico composto, e presença de somente dois canais látero-sensoriais no tronco. Uma análise filogenética incluindo a espécie nova encontrou-a como grupo-irmão de C. flaveolus, e ambas como grupo-irmão de C. paleatus. Uma chave para identificação das espécies da bacia do rio São Francisco também é fornecida.

Astyanax guaricana (Ostariophysi: Characidae), a new species from the rio Cubatão drainage, Paraná State, Southern Brazil

In this paper we describe a new species of Astyanax collected in the Atlantic Rainforest, in tributaries to the rio Cubatão, coastal basin of the Paraná State, Brazil. The new species presents a combination of characters that allows its allocation in the A. scabripinnis species complex and differs from congeners by the possession of 18 to 22 branched anal-fin rays; 40 to 43 perforated scales in lateral line; dentary teeth decreasing abruptly in size from the fifth tooth; 15 to 17 circumpeduncular series of scales and two vertical humeral spots.

Nesse trabalho é descrita uma espécie nova de Astyanax coletada na Floresta Atlântica, em tributários do rio Cubatão, bacia costeira do estado do Paraná, Brasil. A espécie nova possui uma combinação de caracteres que permite sua inclusão no complexo A. scabripinnis e difere das congêneres por apresentar 18 a 22 raios ramificados na nadadeira anal; 40 a 43 escamas perfuradas na linha lateral; dentes do dentário reduzindo de tamanho abruptamente a partir do quinto dente; 15 a 17 séries de escamas circumpedunculares e duas manchas umerais verticais.

Parodon orinocensis (Bonilla et al., 1999) (Characiformes: Parodontidae): emendations and generic reallocation

During recent studies on Parodontidae, specimens of the Venezuelan species Parodon orinocensis (Bonilla, Machado-Allison, Silvera, Chernoff, López & Lasso, 1999) were examined and a few incongruencies with the original description of the species were noted. Emendations to the descriptions of the jaw teeth and color pattern are presented. Three autapomorphies were also observed and are listed herein. The species is moved from genus Apareiodon to Parodon based on presence of dentary teeth.

Durante estudos recentes sobre Parodontidae, espécimes da espécie venezuelana Parodon orinocencis (Bonilla, Machado-Allison, Silvera, Chernoff, López & Lasso, 1999) foram examinados e reconhecidas algumas incongruências na descrição original. Foram realizadas retificações relacionadas aos dentes das maxilas e ao padrão de coloração. Três autapomorfias foram observadas e são aqui listadas. Com base na presença de dentes no dentário a espécie é transferida do gênero Apareiodon para o gênero Parodon.

Taxonomic revision of the Rineloricaria species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Paraguay River basin

Species of the genus Rineloricaria from the Paraguay River basin were revised, the following species and geographic distributional patterns were found: R. aurata, Paraguay River basin in Brazil and Paraguay, rio Guaporé in Brazil; R. cacerensis, Paraguay River near Cáceres in Brazil; R. lanceolata, Paraguay River basin in Brazil and Paraguay, Guaporé, Ji-Paraná, Purus, Solimões, and Araguaia rivers in Brazil, Marañón and Madre de Dios rivers in Peru; R. parva, Paraguay River basin in Brazil and Paraguay, Paraná River in Argentina, Uruguay River in Brazil. Loricaria hoehnei is proposed as a new junior synonym of R. lanceolata. A key to the species of Rineloricaria from the Paraguay River basin is provided.

As espécies do gênero Rineloricaria da bacia do rio Paraguai foram revisadas, as seguintes espécies e padrões de distribuição foram encontradas: R. aurata, bacia do rio Paraguai no Brasil e Paraguai, rio Guaporé no Brasil; R. cacerensis, rio Paraguai perto de Cáceres no Brasil; R. lanceolata, bacia do rio Paraguai no Brasil e Paraguai, rios Guaporé, Ji-Paraná, Purus, Solimões e Araguaia no Brasil, rios Marañón e Madre de Dios no Peru; R. parva, bacia do rio Paraguai no Brasil e Paraguai, rio Paraná na Argentina, rio Uruguai no Brasil. Loricaria hoehnei é proposta como novo sinônimo júnior de R. lanceolata. Uma chave de identificação para as espécies de Rineloricaria da bacia do rio Paraguai é fornecida.